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ISSN 2687-7945
Genome Sequencing
June 01, 2026 EDT

The complete genome sequences of 38 species of Iridaceae (Asparagales, Magnoliopsida)

Bryan N. MacNeill, Jacob B. Landis, Aaron C. Rodriguez, Stacy Pirro, Dylan Sheng, Pedro Daniel Rivas Salazar, Ivan Barajas, Jorge D. López-Pérez, Jessica Pérez-Alquicira, Guadalupe Munguía-Lino, Chelsea D. Specht,
https://doi.org/10.56179/001c.162758
biogenomes
MacNeill, Bryan N., Jacob B. Landis, Aaron C. Rodriguez, et al. 2026. “The Complete Genome Sequences of 38 Species of Iridaceae (Asparagales, Magnoliopsida).” Biodiversity Genomes, June 1. https://doi.org/10.56179/001c.162758.
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  • Figure 1. Species of Iridaceae.
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Abstract

We present complete genome sequences of 38 species of plants in the Iridaceae focused on Tigridia Juss. and closely related genera.

Introduction

The Mexican Tiger Irises (genus Tigridia Juss.) are monocots endemic to Mexico that have diversified along the Mexican Transition Zone, a key geographic region of overlap between the Nearctic and Neotropical biotas. Tigridia exhibits striking diversity in floral color, patterning, and morphology that results in the attraction of a wide array of pollinators including hummingbirds, bees, and flies. These floral features also contribute to many Tigridia species being highly coveted in the ornamental trade. Phylogenetic relationships within Tigridia and among its sister lineages are contentious, obfuscating our understanding of the evolutionary history of this charismatic group of monocots. Here we present 38 high-quality genomes for Tigridia and closely related taxa (Figure 1), including species currently placed in the genera Ainea, Alophia, Cardiostigma, Cipura, Cobana, Colima, Eleutherine, Herbertia, Larentia, Nemastylis, and Sessilanthera; with Trimezia selected as an outgroup for evolutionary analyses. These resources will establish a foundation for future phylogenomic and comparative studies to explore the evolution of floral traits within the group, ultimately contributing to our understanding the diversification and endemism of flora that inhabit the Mexican Transition Zone.

Figure 1
Figure 1.Species of Iridaceae.

a. Alophia drummondii (Graham) R.C. Foster (Munguía-Lino et al. 1105, Road to Pinoltepec, Emiliano Zapata, Veracruz, Mexico); b. Alophia intermedia (Ravenna) Goldblatt (Rodríguez & Castro 5788, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico); c. Alophia silvestris (Loes.) Goldblatt (Munguía-Lino et al. 1290, Balancán, Tabasco, Mexico); d. Alophia veracruzana Goldblatt & T.M.Howard (Munguía-Lino et al. 1113, La Tunilla, Alvarado, Veracruz, Mexico); e. Cipura campanulata Ravenna (Munguía-Lino et al. 29, Corralejo, Taxco de Alarcón, Guerrero, Mexico); f. Cobana guatemalensis (Standl.) Ravenna (Rodríguez et al. 8518, Cobán, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala); g. Eleutherine latifolia (Standl. & L.O.Williams) Ravenna (Rodríguez & L. Ortiz-Catedral 3167, Cerro de las Animas, Catemaco, Veracruz, México); h. Herbertia lahue (Molina)Goldblatt (Munguía-Lino et al. 365, Lavras do Soul, Río Grande Do Soul, Brazil); i. Larentia mexicana (C.V.Morton & R.C.Foster) Goldblatt (Rodríguez & Munguía-Lino 7453, Cerro Colorado, La Huerta, Jalisco, Mexico); j. Cypella rosei R.C.Foster (Rodríguez et al. 8444, Compostela, Nayarit, Mexico); k. Nemastylis tenuis (Baker) Benth. & Hook.f. ex S.Watson (Munguía-Lino et al. 702, El Cuarenta, Tlajomulco de Zuñiga, Jalisco, Mexico); l. Tigridia bicolor Molseed (Rodríguez et al. 2845, San Cristóbal Suchixtlahuaca, Oaxaca, Mexico); m. Tigridia coerulea Goldblatt (Munguía-Lino et al. 1080, La Campana, Atenguillo, Jalisco, Mexico); n. Tigridia convoluta (Ravenna) Goldblatt (Rodriguez et al. 6314, road to Tecomán, Colima, Mexico); o. Tigridia conzattii (R.C.Foster) Goldblatt (Rodriguez & Ortiz-Catedral 2948, Santiago Tenango, Oaxaca, Mexico); p. Tigridia dugesii S.Watson (Munguía Lino et al. 637, Pinal de la Venta, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico); q. Tigridia durangensis Molseed ex Cruden (Noriega & González-Gallegos 610, Quebrada de Santa Bárbara, Pueblo Nuevo, Durango, Mexico); r. Tigridia ehrenbergii (Schltdl.) Molseed (Rodríguez et al. 6236, San Pedro Guadalupe, Zumpahuacán, Estado de México, Mexico); s. Tigridia flammea (Lindl.) Ravenna (Rodríguez & Christian Briseño 4172, El Salto del Agua, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico); t. Tigridia fosteri Goldblatt (Rodriguez et al. 5154, heading to Tumbisca, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico); u. Sessilanthera heliantha (Ravenna) Cruden (Rodríguez & Christian Briseño 3974, Palo Blanco, Guerrero, Mexico); w. Tigridia latifolia (Weath.) Goldblatt (Munguía-Lino & Rodríguez 283, Iguala-Cuernavaca free highway, Taxco de Alarcón, Guerrero, Mexico); x. Tigridia longispatha (Herb.) Goldblatt (Munguía-Lino & López-Pérez 1283, Parque Nacional los Azufres, Ciudad Hidalgo, Michoacán, Mexico); y. Tigridia mariaetrinitatis Espejo & López-Ferr (Munguía-Lino & López-Pérez 1052, Chalcatongo de Hidalgo, Oaxaca, Mexico); z. Tigridia meleagris G.Nicholson (Munguía-Lino & López-Pérez 858, Trejos, Ixtlahuacán del Río, Jalisco, Mexico); a’. Tigridia mexicana Molseed (Munguía-Lino & López-Pérez 858, El Durazno, Valle de Bravo, Estado de México, Mexico); b’. Tigridia mortonii Molseed (Munguía-Lino & Vázquez-García 188, Sierra de Nanchititla, Luvianos, Estado de México, Mexico), c’. Tigridia multiflora (Herb.) Ravenna (Munguía-Lino & López-Pérez 1414, Cerro el Tajo, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico); d’. Tigridia oaxacana (Molseed) Goldblatt (Munguía-Lino & López-Pérez 1375, Ixpantepec Nieves, Oaxaca, Mexico); e’. Tigridia orthantha (Lem.) Ravenna (López-Pérez 204, Llano de las flores, San Juan Atepec, Oaxaca, Mexico), f’. Tigridia pavonia (L.f.) Redouté (Munguía-Lino et al. 245, San Sebastián de las Grutas, Oaxaca, Mexico); g’. Tigridia potosina López-Ferr. & Espejo (Munguía-Lino et al. 1233, Llano de la Garza, Xilitla, San Luis Potosí, Mexico), h’. Tigridia pugana Aarón Rodr. & Ortiz-Cat (Munguía-Lino et al. 1079, Puerto La Campana, Atenguillo, Jalisco, Mexico); i’. Tigridia purpusii Molseed (Rodriguez et al. 5154, in front of African Safari zoo, Puebla, Mexico); j’. Tigridia tepoxtlana Ravenna (Rodríguez et al. 5203, San Juan Tlacotenco, Tepoztlán, Morelos, Mexico); k’. Tigridia tuitensis (Aarón Rodr. & Ortiz-Cat.) Goldblatt (Ramírez-Delgadillo & Rodríguez 2961, Cabo corrientes, Jalisco, Mexico); l’. Trimezia candida (Hassl.) Ravenna (Rio Grande do Soul, Brazil). Photos of A. Rodríguez (b, g, n, s, t, u, i’, j’, k’), G. Munguía (e, h, o, g, c’, d’, f’,´l), J. Gónzalez (q), J. López (a, c, d, f, k, l, m, p, r, w, t, y, z, a’, e’, h’ ), and P. Rivas (i, g’).

Methods

DNA was extracted from leaves that were collected from living material and subsequently dried and stored in silica, with approximately 10-15 mg of leaf tissue used per extraction. Voucher specimens for each species are indicated in Table 1; most vouchers were deposited in the herbarium of the Instituto de Botánica of the Universidad de Guadalajara (IBUG) with Trimezia candida collected from the Liberty Hyde Bailey Conservatory at Cornell and deposited in the L. H. Bailey Hortorium Herbarium (BH). Each DNA extraction was performed using the Qiagen DNEasy genomic extraction kit using the manufacturer’s protocol. Paired-end sequencing libraries were constructed using the Illumina TruSeq kit according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Libraries were sequenced on an Illumina Hi-Seq platform in paired-end, 2 × 150 bp format. The resulting fastq files were trimmed of adapter/primer sequences and low-quality regions with Trimmomatic v0.33 (Bolger et al. 2014). The trimmed sequences were assembled by SPAdes v3.15.4 (Bankevich et al. 2012), screened for foreign contaminants with FCS (Astashyn et al. 2024), followed by a finishing step using Zanfona (Kieras et al. 2021) to scaffold newly generated assemblies based on available genomes from related species. Raw sequencing reads were uploaded to the Sequence Read Archive.

Results and Data Availability

Sequencing files and scaffolded genome assemblies are available on NCBI with the accession numbers listed in Table 1.

Table 1.Species name, herbarium voucher, and accession number for each genome assembly generated.
Taxon Herbarium voucher SRA accession number
Alophia drummondii (Graham) R.C. Foster 225037 IBUG SRR35942773
Alophia intermedia (Ravenna) Goldblatt 225038 IBUG SRR35975401
Alophia silvestris (Loes.) Goldblatt 225074 IBUG SRR32984463
Alophia veracruzana Goldblatt & T.M.Howard 225039 IBUG SRR35939171
Cipura campanulata Ravenna 190086 IBUG SRR32974603
Cobana guatemalensis (Standl.) Ravenna 220392 IBUG SRR35943150
Cypella rosei R.C.Foster 225044 IBUG SRR35942776
Eleutherine latifolia (Standl. & L.O.Williams) Ravenna 159937 IBUG SRR32974336
Herbertia lahue (Molina)Goldblatt 197182 IBUG SRR35943152
Larentia mexicana (C.V.Morton & R.C.Foster) Goldblatt 220394 IBUG SRR32984341
Nemastylis floridana Small 188371 IBUG SRR35942812
Nemastylis tenuis (Baker) Benth. & Hook.f. ex S.Watson 159958 IBUG SRR32984344
Sessilanthera heliantha (Ravenna) Cruden 205975 IBUG SRR32984464
Tigridia bicolor Molseed 178573 IBUG SRR35921011
Tigridia coerulea Goldblatt 225040 IBUG SRR35942784
Tigridia convoluta (Ravenna) Goldblatt 189359 IBUG SRR35943149
Tigridia conzattii (R.C.Foster) Goldblatt 159588 IBUG SRR32984455
Tigridia dugesii S.Watson 225048 IBUG SRR35921132
Tigridia durangensis Molseed ex Cruden 222931 IBUG SRR35920868
Tigridia ehrenbergii (Schltdl.) Molseed 156360 IBUG SRR35007315
Tigridia flammea (Lindl.) Ravenna 225050 IBUG SRR35943155
Tigridia fosteri Goldblatt 225042 IBUG SRR35943153
Tigridia latifolia (Weath.) Goldblatt 206212 IBUG SRR32984328
Tigridia longispatha (Herb.) Goldblatt 225041 IBUG SRR35943144
Tigridia mariaetrinitatis Espejo & López-Ferr 224883 IBUG SRR35921159
Tigridia meleagris G.Nicholson 161670 IBUG SRR32984512
Tigridia mexicana Molseed 160421 IBUG SRR33339707
Tigridia mortonii Molseed 225061 IBUG SRR36041367
Tigridia multiflora (Herb.) Ravenna 225062 IBUG SRR35921157
Tigridia oaxacana (Molseed) Goldblatt 225043 IBUG SRR35942960
Tigridia orthantha (Lem.) Ravenna 166124 IBUG SRR33339606
Tigridia pavonia (L.f.) Redouté 94865 IBUG SRR32981532
Tigridia potosina López-Ferr. & Espejo 190633 IBUG SRR35007284
Tigridia pugana Aarón Rodr. & Ortiz-Cat 222391 IBUG SRR35924648
Tigridia purpusii Molseed 225065 IBUG SRR36041701
Tigridia tepoxtlana Ravenna 225068 IBUG SRR35921126
Tigridia tuitensis (Aarón Rodr. & Ortiz-Cat.) Goldblatt 189360 IBUG SRR36044440
Trimezia candida (Hassl.) Ravenna BH000348917 SRR35942914

Funding

Funding was provided by Iridian Genomes, grant# IRGEN_RG_2021-1345 Genomic Studies of Eukaryotic Taxa.

Submitted: June 01, 2026 EDT

Accepted: June 01, 2026 EDT

References

Astashyn, A., E. S. Tvedte, D. Sweeney, et al. 2024. “Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Genome Contamination at Scale with FCS-GX.” Genome Biology 25: 60. https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1186/​s13059-024-03198-7.
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Bolger, A. M., M. Lohse, and B. Usadel. 2014. “Trimmomatic: A Flexible Trimmer for Illumina Sequence Data.” Bioinformatics 30 (15): 2114–20. https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1093/​bioinformatics/​btu170.
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