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ISSN 2687-7945
Genome Sequencing
May 27, 2026 EDT

The complete genome sequence of Apodemia mormo langei, Lange’s Metalmark Butterfly

Stacy Pirro, Klaus Koepfli, Travis Longcore, Kendall H. Osborne, Caroline Prose, Steven Detwiler, Mark Hayes, Erin Cole, Joy Albertson, Tyler Wilson, Hillary Sardinas, Susan Euing, Louis Terrazas, Max Sprute, Jana Johnson,
https://doi.org/10.56179/001c.162581
biogenomes
Pirro, Stacy, Klaus Koepfli, Travis Longcore, et al. 2026. “The Complete Genome Sequence of Apodemia Mormo Langei, Lange’s Metalmark Butterfly.” Biodiversity Genomes, May 27. https://doi.org/10.56179/001c.162581.
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Abstract

A complete genome assembly for the endangered Apodemia mormo langei (Lange’s Metalmark Butterfly) (Comstock, J.A. 1938) is reported here. Illumina short-read sequencing was performed using tissue from a single deceased individual. The selected specimen was a foundress individual collected directly from the wild population prior to captive propagation, minimizing the potential influence of captive breeding, genetic drift, or artificial selection on genomic patterns. This reference genome is an important resource for studying this presumably extinct dune-endemic butterfly.

Methods

Specimen 1703, a female Apodemia mormo langei, was collected from the Antioch Dunes population during the 2017 flight season at 10:02 AM (38.01348, -121.78278) and was maintained in captivity as part of conservation breeding efforts conducted through The Endangered Butterfly Project at The Teaching Zoo at Moorpark College (Johnson et al. 2017). This work was conducted in accordance with applicable federal and state permits # FWSADNWR-1. Letter of Authorization from Fish and Wildlife LOA-06.

DNA extraction was performed using the Qiagen DNEasy genomic extraction kit using the standard process. Paired-end sequencing libraries were constructed using the Illumina TruSeq kit according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The libraries were sequenced on an Illumina Hi-Seq platform in paired-end, 2 × 150bp format. The resulting fastq files were trimmed of adapter/primer sequences and low-quality regions with Trimmomatic v0.33 (Bolger et al. 2014). The trimmed sequence was assembled by SPAdes v3.15.4 (Bankevich et al. 2012) followed by a finishing step using Zanfona (Kieras et al. 2021).

Data availability

Apodemia mormo langei JBYHFJ000000000

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW), The Urban Wildlands Group, The Teaching Zoo at Moorpark College, Moorpark College, Osborne Consulting, and Iridian Genomes for funding, permitting, housing, husbandry, and field support that made both the captive rearing program and subsequent genomic sampling possible.

Funding

Funding was provided by Iridian Genomes through grant IRGEN_RG_2021-1345, Genomic Studies of Eukaryotic Taxa.

Submitted: May 27, 2026 EDT

Accepted: May 27, 2026 EDT

References

Bankevich, Anton, Sergey Nurk, Dmitry Antipov, et al. 2012. “SPAdes: A New Genome Assembly Algorithm and Its Applications to Single-Cell Sequencing.” Journal of Computational Biology, ahead of print. https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1089/​cmb.2012.0021.
Google ScholarPubMed CentralPubMed
Bolger, Anthony M., Marc Lohse, and Bjoern Usadel. 2014. “Trimmomatic: A Flexible Trimmer for Illumina Sequence Data.” Bioinformatics 30 (15): 2114–20. https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1093/​bioinformatics/​btu170.
Google Scholar
Comstock, J. A. 1938. “A New Race of Apodemia Mormo from California.” Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 37 (2): 91–92.
Google Scholar
Johnson, J., T. Wilson, J. Terry, et al. 2017. Two Year Report: Captive Rearing of Lange’s Mealmark Buttrfly, Fall 2015 - Fall 2017. The Urban Wildlands Group (USFWS Agreement No. 80270-B-G617).
Kieras, M., K. O’Neill, and S. Pirro. 2021. “Zanfona, a Genome Assembly Finishing Tool for Paired-End Illumina Reads.” https:/​/​github.com/​zanfona734/​zanfona.

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