Methods
Tissues from single, wild-collected individuals were used for this study. DNA extraction was performed using the Qiagen DNEasy genomic extraction kit using the standard process. Paired-end sequencing libraries were constructed using the Illumina TruSeq kit according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The libraries were sequenced on an Illumina Hi-Seq platform in paired-end, 2 × 150bp format. The resulting fastq files were trimmed of adapter/primer sequences and low-quality regions with Trimmomatic v0.33 (Bolger et al. 2014). The trimmed sequence was assembled by SPAdes v3.15.4 (Bankevich et al. 2012) followed by a finishing step using Zanfona (Kieras et al. 2021). We would like to thank the following museums for contributing loans to this project: the Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, Bell Museum of Natural History, Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, Field Museum of Natural History, Florida Museum of Natural History, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Alaska Museum of the North, and the University of Kansas Natural History Museum.
Results and Data Availability
| taxname |
accession |
specimen_voucher |
| Aix galericulata |
JBNFIQ000000000 |
FMNH:508485 |
| Aix sponsa |
JAUPTN000000000 |
ANSP:tissue:36537 |
| Anas gibberifrons |
JBPULJ000000000 |
UWBM:Bird:62869 |
| Anas melleri |
JBPPPJ000000000 |
FMNH:Birds:409391 |
| Anser albifrons |
JBNFIR000000000 |
ANSP:skin:194029 |
| Anser anser |
JBNFIT000000000 |
UAM:Bird:18099 |
| Anser caerulescens |
JBNTGS000000000 |
ANSP:skin:203171 |
| Anser canagicus |
JBPULH000000000 |
UAM:Bird:42714 |
| Anser erythropus |
JBNTEW000000000 |
UAM:Bird:6518 |
| Anser indicus |
JBNPVO000000000 |
UAM:Bird:18079 |
| Anser rossii |
JBNQTT000000000 |
ANSP:skin:193934 |
| Aythya affinis |
JBPPPB000000000 |
ANSP:skin:208005 |
| Aythya americana |
JBMAII000000000 |
ANSP:skin:192179 |
| Aythya collaris |
JBNFIU000000000 |
ANSP:skin:209313 |
| Aythya fuligula |
JBNFNR000000000 |
UAM:Bird:26103 |
| Aythya innotata |
JBPGWF000000000 |
FMNH:Birds:360032 |
| Aythya novaeseelandiae |
JBPJWA000000000 |
UWBM:Bird:80397 |
| Aythya nyroca |
JBPPPC000000000 |
UWBM:Bird:46236 |
| Biziura lobata |
JBPGWE000000000 |
UAM:Bird:11882 |
| Branta bernicla |
JBPAUL000000000 |
ANSP:skin:208293 |
| Branta canadensis |
JBNFIV000000000 |
FMNH:509057 |
| Branta hutchinsii |
JAUPTO000000000 |
ANSP:tissue:28730 |
| Branta ruficollis |
JBMAHH000000000 |
ANSP:skin:192635 |
| Branta sandvicensis |
JBPJWB000000000 |
ANSP:skin:207558 |
| Bucephala clangula |
JBNWUP000000000 |
ANSP:skin:207736 |
| Cairina moschata |
JBNFIS000000000 |
ANSP:skin:188272 |
| Callonetta leucophrys |
JBMAIJ000000000 |
UF:Birds:45407 |
| Chauna torquata |
JBPKJJ000000000 |
UAM:Bird:13305 |
| Chloephaga hybrida |
JBMAHD000000000 |
MMNH:Bird:42140 |
| Chloephaga poliocephala |
JBPPPL000000000 |
UAM:Bird:36891 |
| Clangula hyemalis |
JBNLHY000000000 |
ANSP:skin:203316 |
| Cygnus buccinator |
JBOBQF000000000 |
UAM:Bird:48791 |
| Cygnus columbianus |
JBMAIK000000000 |
ANSP:skin:203246 |
| Cygnus cygnus |
JBPGNO000000000 |
UAM:Bird:6909 |
| Cygnus olor |
JBNWUQ000000000 |
UWBM:bird:56585 |
| Dendrocygna arborea |
JBMAIB000000000 |
MMNH:Bird:42302 |
| Dendrocygna arcuata |
JBNVBT000000000 |
ANSP:skin:192530 |
| Dendrocygna autumnalis |
JBMAHG000000000 |
ANSP:skin:205246 |
| Dendrocygna bicolor |
JBPGNW000000000 |
UWBM:Bird89977 |
| Dendrocygna eytoni |
JBPGUY000000000 |
UWBM:Bird:89977 |
| Dendrocygna viduata |
JBPGWL000000000 |
UAM:Bird:14786 |
| Heteronetta atricapilla |
JBPGNQ000000000 |
UAM:Bird:19754 |
| Lophodytes cucullatus |
JBMAIL000000000 |
ANSP:skin:206932 |
| Mareca strepera |
JAXCLN000000000 |
ANSP:skin:193939 |
| Melanitta americana |
JBMAIP000000000 |
ANSP:skin:209256 |
| Melanitta deglandi |
JBPPPF000000000 |
ANSP:skin:192818 |
| Melanitta nigra |
JBLTIL000000000 |
ANSP:skin:192712 |
| Merganetta armata |
JBPGNP000000000 |
UAM:Bird:17506 |
| Mergellus albellus |
JBNWVG000000000 |
UAM:Bird:25999 |
| Mergus merganser |
JBMAIO000000000 |
ANSP:skin:208007 |
| Mergus squamatus |
JBPGNR000000000 |
UWBM:Bird:71828 |
| Netta peposaca |
JBPGNT000000000 |
UAM:Bird:19694 |
| Nettapus pulchellus |
JBMAIM000000000 |
ANSP:skin:192488 |
| Nomonyx dominicus |
JBPGNV000000000 |
UAM:Bird:14785 |
| Oxyura jamaicensis |
JBMAIN000000000 |
ANSP:skin:203312 |
| Oxyura vittata |
JBPGWG000000000 |
UAM:Bird:17534 |
| Polysticta stelleri |
JBPPPG000000000 |
UAM:Bird:7764 |
| Radjah radjah |
JBPBUU000000000 |
ANSP:skin:192491 |
| Sarkidiornis melanotos |
JBPRLG000000000 |
FMNH:Birds:467841 |
| Sarkidiornis sylvicola |
JBMAHI000000000 |
ANSP:skin:186047 |
| Somateria fischeri |
JBPGNS000000000 |
UAM:Bird:30720 |
| Somateria mollissima |
JBNWUN000000000 |
ANSP:skin:191715 |
| Somateria spectabilis |
JBPGNU000000000 |
UAM:Bird:13153 |
| Spatula cyanoptera |
JBPPPD000000000 |
UAM:Bird:19315 |
| Spatula hottentota |
JBPPPH000000000 |
FMNH:REW675 |
| Spatula platalea |
JBPGNX000000000 |
UAM:Bird:19315 |
| Stictonetta naevosa |
JBMDMI000000000 |
UAM:Bird:19315 |
| Tadorna cana |
JBQPGR000000000 |
UAM:Bird:19315 |
| Tadorna cristata |
JBMBTY000000000 |
NHMD:916127 |
| Tadorna ferruginea |
JBQPFV000000000 |
UAM:Bird:17543 |
| Tadorna tadorna |
JBPBUW000000000 |
UWBM:Bird:56439 |
| Tadorna tadornoides |
JBMBRP000000000 |
KU:Birds:134412 |
| Tadorna variegata |
JBMBRR000000000 |
KU:Birds:114994 |
Funding
Funding was provided by Iridian Genomes, grant# IRGEN_RG_2021-1345 Genomic Studies of Eukaryotic Taxa.
Submitted: January 23, 2026 EDT
Accepted: January 27, 2026 EDT